英语

英语介词一篇讲透:用画面记住 in、on、at、through、over

中文一个“在”,英语要分 at、on、in;中文一个“穿过”,英语要分 through 和 across。介词短、常用,又最容易凭感觉用错。本文给每个介词配一张“核心画面”,先记住画面,再把具体用法挂上去,一篇就能把常用介词理清。范围是小学到新概念英语第 3 册。


一、地点:at、on、in

地点 at on in 示意图

  • at:一个点,不关心里面有多大。例:at the bus stop,at the door,at home,at work,at school,at the airport

  • on:贴在一个表面上。例:on the desk,on the wall,on the floor,on page 5,on the screen,on the left

  • in:在一个立体空间或范围里面。例:in the box, in the room, in the car, in Shenzhen, in China, in the picture

  • I’m at the airport. 我在机场(把机场当成一个地点)。

  • I’m in the airport. 我在机场里面(强调在建筑内部)。

  • There is a map on the wall. 墙上有一张地图(贴在墙面上)。

交通工具: 能站起来走动的大型交通工具用 on:on the bus, on the train, on the plane;只能坐进去的小车用 in:in a car, in a taxi。

容易错: 城市、国家一律用 in:at Shenzhen → in Shenzhen。网上用 on:on the internet, on TikTok, on X。


二、时间:at、on、in

时间 at on in 示意图

可以想象成一个倒三角:时间越长越大用 in,具体到某一天用 on,具体到某个时刻用 at。

  • in:年、月、季节、世纪、年代,一天中的上午/下午/晚上。例:in 2026, in May, in winter, in the 1990s, in the morning
  • on:具体某一天、星期几、日期、节日当天。例:on Monday, on 12 November, on my birthday, on Christmas Day
  • at:钟点、时刻、固定说法。例:at 8:00, at noon, at night, at midnight, at the moment, at Christmas

最常考的三个细节:

  1. in the morning,但 on Monday morning:一旦具体到某一天,就用 on。
  2. at night 是固定说法,不说 in the night 表示“晚上”(in the night 是“夜里某个时候”)。
  3. 有 this、next、last、every 时,不加介词:I’ll call you next week. 不说 in next week。

周末:英式 at the weekend,美式 on the weekend,两种都对。


三、上下关系:over、above、under、below

over above under below 示意图

  • over:正上方,或从上面越过、覆盖。例:a bridge over the river,jump over the wall,put a blanket over the baby
  • above:高于某个水平,不一定正上方。例:above sea level,above average,the temperature is above 30°C
  • under:正下方,常被盖住。例:under the table,under the bed
  • below:低于某个水平。例:below zero,below average,see the notes below

一句话区分:over/under 讲“正上/正下、覆盖”;above/below 讲“比某条线高/低”,所以数字、水平、标准常用 above/below。

over 还有几个高频引申义:

  • 超过:over 100 people(= more than 100 people)
  • 在……期间:over the weekend, over the past ten years
  • 结束:The meeting is over.
  • 遍及:all over the world

under 也可以表示“少于”和“在……之下”:children under 12, under pressure, under construction。


四、动作方向:into、out of、onto、off

into out of onto off 示意图

in 和 on 讲“在哪儿”,into 和 onto 讲“动到哪儿去”。

  • into:从外面进到里面。例:walk into the room,put it into the box,translate it into English
  • out of:从里面出来。例:get out of the car,run out of money
  • onto:落到表面上。例:jump onto the bed,climb onto the roof
  • off:从表面离开。例:get off the bus,fall off the bike,take off your shoes

上下车的固定搭配:get in / get out of 小汽车、出租车;get on / get off 公交、火车、飞机。

into 还表示“变成”:turn water into ice, change into a different person。


五、路线:through、across、along、past

through across along past 示意图

  • through:从一个立体空间的内部穿过去。例:drive through the tunnel,walk through the forest,look through the window
  • across:从一个平面的一边到另一边。例:walk across the road,swim across the river,across the country
  • along:顺着一条长的东西走。例:walk along the river,drive along the coast
  • past:从旁边经过。例:walk past the shop,drive past the school

through 和 across 最容易混: 有“里面”、四周被包住(森林、隧道、人群、窗户)用 through;只是一个平面(马路、河、桥、广场)用 across。

through 还常用在抽象意思上:

  • 从头到尾:work through the night, read through the document
  • 通过、凭借:I got the job through a friend.
  • 经历:go through a hard time

六、方向:around、towards、up、down

around towards up down 示意图

  • around:围绕、在周围、到处。例:walk around the lake,travel around the world,around 8 o’clock(大约)
  • towards:朝着某个方向,不一定到达。例:walk towards the door,his attitude towards work
  • up:向上,也可指沿着路往前。例:go up the stairs,walk up the street
  • down:向下,也可指沿着路往前。例:run down the hill,go down the road

to 和 towards 的区别: walk to the door 是走到门口了;walk towards the door 只是朝门的方向走。英式常写 towards,美式常写 toward。


七、位置:between、among、in front of、behind、next to

between among in front of behind next to 示意图

  • between:两者之间,或几个明确分开的个体之间。例:between you and me,between 9 and 10 a.m.
  • among:三者以上的一群里面,分不清个体。例:among friends,popular among young people
  • in front of:在……前面(外部)。例:There’s a tree in front of the house.
  • behind:在……后面。例:The cat is behind the door.
  • next to / beside:紧挨着、在旁边。例:Sit next to me.
  • opposite:在……对面。例:The bank is opposite the hotel.

注意: in front of 是在某物外面的前方;in the front of 是在某物内部的前部。in front of the car 在车前面(车外),in the front of the car 在车的前排。

beside 和 besides 不一样:beside me 在我旁边;besides English 除了英语之外(还有)。


八、时间段:for、since、during、until、by

since 和 for 示意图

  • for:一段时长。例:for three years,for two hours

  • since:一个起点(常和现在完成时连用)。例:since 2023,since last Monday,since I graduated

  • during:某个事件或时期之内。例:during the meeting,during the summer holiday

  • in:多久之后(将来)。例:I’ll be back in ten minutes.

  • within:在……之内,不超过。例:within 24 hours

  • I have lived in Shenzhen for three years. 看长度。

  • I have lived in Shenzhen since 2023. 看起点。

  • during three years → for three years。during 后面接事件,不接数字时长。

until 和 by 示意图

  • until / till:一直持续到某时才停。例:I’ll stay in Beijing until Friday.
  • by:不晚于某时,截止之前任何时候完成。例:Please send it by Friday.
  • before / after:在……之前 / 之后。例:before lunch,after work
  • from … to …:从……到……。例:from Monday to Friday,from 9 to 5

职场里 by 用得很多:Could you review my PR by tomorrow? 意思是“明天之前看完就行”。如果说 until tomorrow,就成了“一直看到明天”。


九、其他高频介词:of、for、to、with、by、about、like

  • of:所属、部分、内容。例:the name of the app,one of my friends,a cup of coffee
  • for:目的、对象、给谁。例:a gift for you,wait for the bus,good for your health
  • to:方向、目标、接收方。例:go to work,send it to me,listen to music
  • with:和……一起、用(工具)、带有。例:work with the team,cut it with a knife,a girl with long hair
  • by:方式、交通、被动动作的执行者、旁边。例:by bus,by email,written by Lu Xun,by the window
  • about:关于、大约。例:a book about AI,about 50 people
  • like:像。例:She looks like her mother.
  • without:没有。例:I can’t work without coffee.

by 和 with 表示“用”: by 接方式,后面不加冠词:by car, by phone, by credit card;with 接具体工具:with a pen, with my phone。注意 on foot(步行)不用 by。


十、固定搭配:一定要整体记

很多介词没有道理可讲,只能和前面的词一起记。下面是最常用的一批。

形容词 + 介词

搭配 意思
good at 擅长
interested in 对……感兴趣
afraid of 害怕
proud of 为……骄傲
responsible for 负责
famous for 因……出名
different from 与……不同
similar to 与……相似
worried about 担心
excited about 对……兴奋
busy with 忙于
familiar with 熟悉

动词 + 介词

搭配 意思
look for 寻找
look at 看
wait for 等
listen to 听
depend on 取决于
focus on 专注于
belong to 属于
apply for 申请(工作、签证)
agree with(人) 同意某人
agree to(提议) 同意某个提议
arrive at(小地方) 到达
arrive in(城市、国家) 到达

名词 + 介词

the reason for(……的原因), a solution to(……的解决方案), the key to(……的关键), an increase in(……的增长), access to(获取……的途径), experience in(……方面的经验)。


十一、中国学生最常见的介词错误

错误 正确 说明
discuss about the plan discuss the plan discuss 是及物动词,不加 about
arrive to Shanghai arrive in Shanghai arrive 不接 to
married with her married to her be married to sb.
in next Monday next Monday 有 next、last、this、every 不加介词
on the morning in the morning 具体到某天才用 on:on Monday morning
go to home go home home 当副词,不加 to
reply me reply to me reply 后面要加 to
during two weeks for two weeks 数字时长用 for
I’m good in English I’m good at English 擅长用 good at
enter into the room enter the room enter 直接接地点
different with different from 英美通用的标准搭配是 different from

十二、总结:一张表记住核心画面

介词 一句话画面
at 一个点:地点、时刻
on 一个面:表面、某一天
in 一个空间:里面、较长的时间段
into / out of 进去 / 出来
onto / off 落到面上 / 离开面
over / under 正上方或越过 / 正下方
above / below 高于 / 低于某条线
through 从内部穿过
across 从平面一边到另一边
along 顺着长边
past 从旁边经过
around 围着转
towards 朝着,不一定到
between / among 两者之间 / 一群之中
for / since 一段时长 / 从某个起点开始
until / by 一直持续到 / 不晚于

学介词的三个建议:

  1. 先记画面,再记例句。遇到新用法时,问自己它更像“点、面、空间”还是“穿过、越过、沿着”。
  2. 固定搭配按短语整体记,不要拆开单记介词。
  3. 读英文时多留意介词,把好的句子抄进生词本。比起背规则,见得多了自然就有语感。

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