常用动词的时态变形：过去式、过去分词一次理清
英语时态的变化几乎都落在动词的四种形式上：原形、第三人称单数、过去式、过去分词，再加上 -ing 形式。本文先讲规则变化，再按“长得像”的模式把常用不规则动词分组，最后列出最容易错的词。范围是小学到新概念英语第 3 册。
先弄清：每种形式用在哪里
| 形式 | 例子 | 用在哪里 |
|---|---|---|
| 原形 | work / go | 一般现在时（非三单）、will / can / do 后面、不定式 to do |
| 第三人称单数 | works / goes | 一般现在时，主语是 he / she / it |
| 过去式 | worked / went | 一般过去时 |
| 过去分词 | worked / gone | 完成时（have done）、被动语态（be done） |
| -ing 形式 | working / going | 进行时（be doing）、动名词 |
关键：过去式只单独使用；过去分词一定跟在 have 或 be 后面。❌ I have went. ✅ I have gone. ❌ It was broke. ✅ It was broken.
一、规则变化
1. 加 -ed（过去式和过去分词相同）
| 规则 | 例子 |
|---|---|
| 一般直接加 -ed | work → worked, play → played |
| 以 e 结尾，只加 -d | live → lived, use → used |
| 辅音字母 + y 结尾，变 y 为 i 再加 -ed | study → studied, try → tried |
| 元音字母 + y 结尾，直接加 -ed | play → played, stay → stayed |
| 重读闭音节、末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写再加 -ed | stop → stopped, plan → planned, prefer → preferred |
-ed 的三种读音：
- 在 /t/、/d/ 后面读 /ɪd/：wanted, needed
- 在清辅音（/p/ /k/ /s/ /ʃ/ /tʃ/ /f/）后面读 /t/：stopped, worked, washed
- 其他情况读 /d/：played, lived, cleaned
2. 加 -s / -es（第三人称单数）
| 规则 | 例子 |
|---|---|
| 一般直接加 -s | work → works |
| 以 s, x, sh, ch, o 结尾，加 -es | fix → fixes, watch → watches, go → goes, do → does |
| 辅音字母 + y 结尾，变 y 为 i 再加 -es | study → studies |
| 特殊 | have → has |
3. 加 -ing
| 规则 | 例子 |
|---|---|
| 一般直接加 -ing | work → working |
| 以不发音的 e 结尾，去 e 再加 -ing | make → making, write → writing |
| 以 ie 结尾，变 ie 为 y 再加 -ing | lie → lying, die → dying |
| 重读闭音节、末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写再加 -ing | run → running, sit → sitting, begin → beginning |
二、不规则动词：按模式分组记
不规则动词没有统一规则，但很多词“长得像”。按模式分组，比按字母顺序背轻松得多。下表写法是“原形 – 过去式 – 过去分词”。
A–A–A 型：三种形式完全一样
| 原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|---|
| cut | cut | cut | 切 |
| put | put | put | 放 |
| let | let | let | 让 |
| set | set | set | 设置 |
| hit | hit | hit | 打 |
| hurt | hurt | hurt | 伤害 |
| cost | cost | cost | 花费 |
| shut | shut | shut | 关上 |
| quit | quit | quit | 放弃、退出 |
| spread | spread | spread | 传播 |
| bet | bet | bet | 打赌 |
| read | read /red/ | read /red/ | 读（拼写不变，读音变） |
A–B–B 型：过去式和过去分词一样（数量最多）
① 带 -ought / -aught
| 原形 | 过去式 / 过去分词 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| buy | bought | 买 |
| bring | brought | 带来 |
| think | thought | 想 |
| fight | fought | 打架 |
| seek | sought | 寻找 |
| catch | caught | 抓住 |
| teach | taught | 教 |
② 带 -t 结尾
| 原形 | 过去式 / 过去分词 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| sleep | slept | 睡觉 |
| keep | kept | 保持 |
| feel | felt | 感觉 |
| leave | left | 离开 |
| mean | meant /ment/ | 意思是 |
| meet | met | 遇见 |
| send | sent | 发送 |
| spend | spent | 花费 |
| build | built | 建造 |
| lend | lent | 借出 |
| lose | lost | 丢失 |
| sweep | swept | 扫 |
| bend | bent | 弯曲 |
③ 其他常见 A–B–B
| 原形 | 过去式 / 过去分词 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| have | had | 有 |
| make | made | 做 |
| say | said /sed/ | 说 |
| pay | paid | 付钱 |
| lay | laid | 放置、下蛋 |
| hear | heard | 听见 |
| find | found | 找到 |
| hold | held | 握住 |
| sell | sold | 卖 |
| tell | told | 告诉 |
| stand | stood | 站 |
| understand | understood | 理解 |
| sit | sat | 坐 |
| win | won | 赢 |
| get | got（美式过去分词也常用 gotten） | 得到 |
| lead | led | 带领 |
| feed | fed | 喂 |
| hang | hung | 挂 |
| shoot | shot | 射击 |
| stick | stuck | 粘住、卡住 |
| dig | dug | 挖 |
A–B–C 型：三种形式都不同
① 过去分词加 -n / -en
| 原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|---|
| take | took | taken | 拿 |
| give | gave | given | 给 |
| see | saw | seen | 看见 |
| eat | ate | eaten | 吃 |
| fall | fell | fallen | 落下 |
| write | wrote | written | 写 |
| drive | drove | driven | 驾驶 |
| ride | rode | ridden | 骑 |
| rise | rose | risen | 升起 |
| speak | spoke | spoken | 说话 |
| break | broke | broken | 打破 |
| choose | chose | chosen | 选择 |
| steal | stole | stolen | 偷 |
| wake | woke | woken | 醒来 |
| forget | forgot | forgotten | 忘记 |
| hide | hid | hidden | 藏 |
| bite | bit | bitten | 咬 |
| shake | shook | shaken | 摇动 |
| freeze | froze | frozen | 冻结 |
| know | knew | known | 知道 |
| grow | grew | grown | 生长 |
| throw | threw | thrown | 扔 |
| blow | blew | blown | 吹 |
| fly | flew | flown | 飞 |
| draw | drew | drawn | 画 |
| show | showed | shown | 展示 |
| wear | wore | worn | 穿 |
| tear | tore | torn | 撕 |
| be | was / were | been | 是 |
| do | did | done | 做 |
| go | went | gone | 去 |
| lie（躺） | lay | lain | 躺 |
② i – a – u 型
| 原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|---|
| begin | began | begun | 开始 |
| drink | drank | drunk | 喝 |
| sing | sang | sung | 唱 |
| swim | swam | swum | 游泳 |
| ring | rang | rung | 响 |
| sink | sank | sunk | 下沉 |
A–B–A 型：过去分词和原形一样
| 原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|---|
| come | came | come | 来 |
| become | became | become | 变成 |
| run | ran | run | 跑 |
三、最容易错的词
1. 长得像、意思不同的一组
- lie（lay – lain）躺（不及物）。例：He lay on the sofa.
- lie（lied – lied）说谎（规则）。例：She lied to me.
- lay（laid – laid）放置、下蛋（及物）。例：She laid the book on the desk.
- rise（rose – risen）上升（不及物）。例：Prices have risen.
- raise（raised – raised）举起、提高（及物）。例：They raised prices.
- find（found – found）找到。例：I found my keys.
- found（founded – founded）创立（规则）。例：He founded a company in 2020.
- fall（fell – fallen）落下。例：The price fell.
- feel（felt – felt）感觉。例：I felt tired.
- fell（felled – felled）砍倒（规则）。例：They felled the tree.
- hang（hung – hung）挂。例：I hung the picture on the wall.
- hang（hanged – hanged）绞死（规则），只在这个意思下用 hanged。
最容易错的是 lie / lay：lay 既是 lie（躺）的过去式，又是 lay（放）的原形。
2. 拼写不变、读音变的词
- read /riːd/ → read /red/ → read /red/
- 注意拼写相近的 lead（带领）：lead → led → led，过去式拼写会变，不要写成 leaded
3. 英式和美式都可以的词
| 原形 | 英式常见 | 美式常见 |
|---|---|---|
| learn | learnt | learned |
| dream | dreamt | dreamed |
| burn | burnt | burned |
| spell | spelt | spelled |
| get（过去分词） | got | gotten |
写作时选一种并保持一致就行；面向美国读者，用 learned、gotten 这一套。
4. 中国学生最常写错的几处
- ❌ I have went there. ✅ I have gone / been there.（have 后面要用过去分词）
- ❌ Did you saw it? ✅ Did you see it?（did 后面用原形）
- ❌ The window was broke. ✅ The window was broken.（被动用过去分词）
- ❌ I buyed a new phone. ✅ I bought a new phone.
- ❌ He teached me. ✅ He taught me.
- ❌ The price has rose. ✅ The price has risen.
记忆建议
- 先记 A–B–B 型，它数量最多，记住一个形式就等于记住了两个。
- 背的时候连读三遍，比如 “go – went – gone”，靠节奏记，比单个背更牢。
- 每个词造一个完成时的句子，比如 I have written an email.，这样过去分词的用法也一起练到了。
时态本身怎么用，见《英语时态一篇讲透》一文。
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